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越来越多的教师开始在教学中运用课堂参与的方法来提高学生的积极性和主动性。课堂参与也给学生提供了表达观点的机会，锻炼了他们的思辨能力。

Participation in the Classroom

Taking part in the classroom is not only accepted but also expected of students in many courses. Some professors base part of the final grade on the student’s taking part in orally①. Although there are formal lectures during which the student has a passive role (i.e. listening and taking notes), many courses are organized around classroom discussions, student questions, and informal lectures. In graduate seminars the professor has a “managing” role and the students make presentations and lead discussions. The students do the actual teaching in these seminars.

A professor’s teaching style is another factor that determines the degree and type of student participation. Some professors prefer to control discussion, while others prefer to guide the class without dominating it. Many professors encourage students to question and challenge their ideas. Students who make opinions that are different from the professor’s point of view should be prepared to support their positions②.

In the teaching of science and mathematics, the dominant mode of instruction is generally traditional, with teachers presenting formal lectures and students taking notes. However, new educational trends have emerged in the humanities and social sciences in the past two decades. Students in education, sociology, and psychology classes, for example, are often required to solve problems in groups, design projects, make presentations, and examine case studies. Since some college or university courses are “practical” rather than theoretical, they stress “doing” and participation.

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行文点评

文章第一段首先用not only...but also...句型点明作者的观点：课堂参与对学生来说不仅是可以接受的，而且是他们所期望的。第二段介绍学生参与形式和程度的其他影响因素——教授的教 学风格，接着作者用Some professors prefer to...while others prefer to...举例说明了两种不同的教学风格。最后一段介绍课堂参与在不同学科中的实??合得很好。每一段的观点都有一个具体的例子来有力地支持它。

好文妙译

课堂参与

在 许多课程中，教师们不仅接受了课堂参与的理念，他们也期望着学生们能参与进来。一些教授把学生课堂上做的口头发言作为期末成绩的一部分。尽管在一些正式的 讲座中，学生扮演一个被动的角色(他们听讲、做笔记)，但在许多课程中还是采用课堂讨论、学生提问和非正式演讲的形式。在研究生的讨论课上，教授扮演着 “管理”角色，而由学生们发言并展开讨论。在这样的讨论课上，实际上是学生们也参与了教学。

一个教授的教学风格是决定学生参与形式和程度的另一个因素。一些教授喜欢主持支配讨论，一些教授则喜欢引导学生自由讨论。许多教授鼓励学生对自己的观点提出质疑。那些提出与教授相反意见的学生应该做好充分的准备来支持自己的论点。

在 理科和数学的教学中，传统的教学模式仍占主要地位，老师讲课，学生记笔记。然而在过去20年中，在人文科学和社会科学的教学中出现了新的教学趋势。例如， 学教育学、社会学和心理学的学生常被要求通过小组讨论来解决问题、设计项目、作演讲、研究案例。由于一些大学的课程是应用型的，而非理论型的，他们所强调 的是“动手”和参与。

词汇斟酌

seminar n.(大学的)研究班，研讨会

dominate vt.支配，统治，控制

sociology n.社会学

participation n.参加

佳句临摹

①【注释】take part (in sth.)参与，参加(某事物)

【临摹】How many countries will be taking part in the World Cup?有多少国家要参加世界杯比赛?

②【注释】make opinions 提出观点

【临摹】Most Americans their opinion worth something. 大多数美国人认为民意测验使得有价值了。

思如泉涌

Knowledge is a treasure, but practice . 知识是一座宝库，而实践是钥匙。

Teach others by your example. 躬亲示范。

A good example is the best sermon. 身教胜似言教。